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Tuesday, June 23, 2020

Wheel of Retailing Essay - 275 Words

Wheel of Retailing (Essay Sample) Content: Wheel of RetailingNameInstitutionA wheel of retailing can be defined as the process that is observed in the retailÃƒâ€šmarketÃƒâ€šwhen an originally established discount storeÃƒâ€šadvancesÃƒâ€šitsÃƒâ€šproducts and services inÃƒâ€šorderÃƒâ€što increaseÃƒâ€špricesÃƒâ€šonce it hasÃƒâ€šestablished (Lehman, 2009). As it moves through the wheel of retailing, aÃƒâ€šdiscountÃƒâ€šretail business mayÃƒâ€šdevelopÃƒâ€šinto a higher endÃƒâ€šdepartment store, leaving its former niche to be filled by newer discountÃƒâ€šbusinesses. Some retail businesses such as Wal-Mart have formed major representations of many businesses that have undergone the wheel of retailing for a long period. The theory of Wheel of retailing states that retailers usually move from the low end where they offer low prices of the products as the business establishes to a higher end where the same businesses offer products at higher prices as the costs of running the business increases. To understand how Wal-Mart has moved along the wheel of retailing, this paper shall discuss a brief history of the Wal-Mart retailing business since its establishment. During the 1960s and 1970s, Wal-Mart retailing business was operating in the first phase of wheel of retailing which is innovation. Wal-Mart had only one location, the prices of the commodities offered were low and there only few advertisements made.Through the inspiration that Walton who was the head of the business got after observing other performing discount department store, he established a second store in Arkansas. This was the beginning of the second phase of the wheel of retailing that is known as trading up. According to (Lehman, 2009), this phase is characterized by increase in the number of customers served by the business entity, increase in the number of the locations, and also increase in the number of advertisements made. This second phase of the wheel of retailing saw Wal-Mart establish other branches in various parts of the w orld. Wall-Mart retailers made many profits by allowing their costs and margins increase. The success forced the company to open more facilities in order to accommodate increasing growth of the retailing market.Ãƒâ€šBy the year 2005, estimates show that the business was controlling approximately20 percent of the retail grocery and consumables business. With this great steps being made by Wal-Mart retailers, the cost of managing the business increased and the retailers had to eventually raise the prices of the commodities traded by the business. This marked the beginning of the third phase under which the Wal-Mart is operating to the present. This phase is known as vulnerability. In this phase, the business entity becomes conservative and creates an opportunity for new price oriented retailers. As a result, Wal-Mart Company has become conventional just like the companies that it replaced. In fact, the company seems to be moving back to where it started in the wheel of retailing cycle . This is because newer retail businesses have developed new strategies that lower the costs and prices of commodities and thus attracting more customers.In terms of the supply chain, Wal-Mart is facing a major challenge since other companies which are competitors of Wal-Mart have come up with new trends of adapting to the new trends in the retailing business. Most of these companies have learnt from the successes of Wal-Mart and have come up with other benefits of their own. Wal-MartÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s capacity to utilize its supply chain to survive the stiff competition from rival companies has patently disappeared. The inventions that Wal-Mart had made in technology can no longer be feared by other rival businesses. Other competitors like Best Buy and Target have come with up with new systems that are good and that can help the companies make more profits than Wal-Mart. Wal-MartÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s new initiatives have sucked up great resources and the results of this is little benefit. In the early 1990s, Wal-Mart was believed to be the most shining example of the retailing industry since it embraced technology in its operations.There are many other investors who are starting up retail businesses in the regions that were previously colonized by Wal-Mart. This has...

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Critically analyse the direct, indirect and induced economic impact of the Rugby World Cup 2015 for England - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2459 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Critical essay Did you like this example? Introduction Despite widespread publication of a positive economic impact resulting from the Rugby World Cup in 2015, issues such as overspending, forecasting accuracy, and the focus of the reporting itself, suggests there are also factors which may materially reduce the overall impact. Because of this, it is possible the widely publicised outlook for this event is overly optimistic. This report will critically analyse the direct, indirect and induced economic impact of the Rugby World Cup 2015 for England. DonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critically analyse the direct, indirect and induced economic impact of the Rugby World Cup 2015 for England?" essay for you Create order Beginning with a summary of the economic impact, issues will then be examined with reference to the stated impacts, relevant literature, and comparable events around the world such as previous Rugby World Cups. The analysis concludes that the economic impact of the 2015 Rugby World Cup, while sizeable, may not be as significant as predicted. Summary of Economic Impacts A report by Ernst Young forecasts a number of economic benefits to the 2015 Rugby World Cup, including over $2 million in economic output, and a direct boost to GDP of $463 million (Arnold and Grice, 2015; summarised in Table 1). Media promoting these benefits is widespread, with the Ernst Young report often cited to describe and support the positive impacts of the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The many media examples include Bergson (2015), Menary (2015), and Wilson (2015). Due to the credibility of the financial services firm Ernst Young (Aubin, 2012), as well as the wide-spread publication of these results, the economic impact by Arnold and Grice (2015) will be used as the basis for this analysis, as summarised in Table 1. Contribution Type Impact Category Impact Source Amount (millions) Output Direct Visitor spend Ticket revenue (international) Infrastructure investment Fanzone spend Stadia spend $869 $68 $85 $5 $13 Indirect and induced $1,165 GDP Direct Visitor spend Ticket revenue (international) Infrastructure investment Fanzone spend Stadia contribution $391 $29 $35 $2 $6 Indirect and induced $518 Table 1. Summarised from Arnold and Grice (2015, pp18-20) For the purpose of this analysis, direct impact is considered to be initial spending stimulus arising from the event, including infrastructure expenditure and ticket revenue. Indirect economic impacts result from transactions that occur as a result of the initial spending, such as additional tourism expenditure in other areas. Induced impacts are the result of increased consumer spending due to higher income, such as greater support for sports and health overall. These definitions are outlined by Saayman and Saayman (2012, p223) and are consistent with the examples provided in the report by Arnold and Grice (2015). Support and improvements for the Forecasted Economic Impact Financial Stimulus The publicity of a major sporting event is said to improve the local brand overall, resulting in additional foreign investment, including business and tourism. While arguably temporary, this publicity can stimulate activity during a time of economic slowdown, which in turn creates indirect economic impacts such as increased demand for manufacturing, and induced effects such as higher overall employment, in particular in the hospitality industry (Arnold and Grice, 2015; Statistics New Zealand, 2012). While purely financial transactions are not included as part of GDP increases (McConnell et. al, 2010), some GDP growth may occur on the back of a strong financial market, driven by the Rugby World Cup. Increased publicity for the host country, coupled with high consumer excitement and mass sponsorship exposure may explain why share prices tend to improve during mass sporting events. For example, during the 2013 Wimbledon, the 10 largest listed companies in Scotland experienced a 7.5% increase in share price, while the FTSE100 increased by 5.1% (Thanapathy, 2015). In addition, the first trading week following the announcement of a significant sponsorship agreement saw sponsoring companies in the U.S.A. experience significant share price gains (Harrow and Swatek, 2011). While not mentioned in the report by Arnold and Grice (2015), an induced economic impact to the Rugby World Cup may be increasing investment in additional goods and services, as business confidence increases due to the strong financial market. The Multiplier Effect and Social Good An additional contributor to GDP and output is the result of the multiplier effect, that is, the increase in investment bringing about a disproportionate increase in GDP via spending and re-spending (Saayman and Saayman, 2012; McConnell et. al, 2010). The multiplier effect during an event such as the Rugby World Cup is likely to be significant, not only through increased consumer and business spending, but in areas such as an increased interest in sports, which in turn encourages a higher focus on public health overall. The social benefits of large sporting events are evident in the Comrades Marathon, where induced economic impacts included the benefits of increased income and spending reaching the poor. Saayman and Saayman (2012) note that their findings regarding the social benefits of the Comrades Marathon are consistent with broader literature, which also finds the economic impact of large scale sporting events reaches both rich and poor. Thus the direct impact of increased output and income generated by the Rugby World Cup is likely to increase GDP more than the initial investment, creating indirect and induced impacts via the multiplier effect. Including both Domestic and International spend When measuring economic impact, Arnold and Grice (2015) exclude domestic spend on sporting events because, it is argued, this money would remain in the economy regardless, being spent elsewhere if not on the Rugby World Cup. However, domestic spend may also be relevant as this recreational income could easily be spent in a different economy, were it not for this event (Saayman and Saayman, 2012). Given the proximity of England to European destinations, and the cultural relevance of Soccer in England and Europe (Gibbons, 2014), it is likely that English income would be spent in other countries if the Rugby World Cup was held elsewhere either to another destination for a holiday, or to the country hosting the World Cup. During the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand, the second most popular tourist origin was direct from the U.K.; a significant number of additional sports tourists from the U.K. arrived via Australia (Statistics New Zealand, 2011). Thus both domestic and internati onal expenditure on the Rugby World Cup 2015 is significant. Amending visitor and ticket revenue, and revenue derived from food and beverages, to include domestic consumers may be more accurate than focusing solely on additional international income. New Zealand, for example, note an increase in domestic household spending during the Rugby World Cup 2011, driven primarily by food and beverage, in addition to international spend (Statistics New Zealand, 2011). Similar to the Canadian analysis of Sports Tourism, domestic income may be included on a separate line for clarity and completeness (The Outspan Group Inc, 2009). While this may serve to increase forecasted output by increasing overall predicted spend, as discussed under Forecasting Ticket Sales, it is also possible that international spend reduces the economic impact of domestic expenditure in some areas, as the two may net each other out. Limitations and Challenges to the Forecasted Economic Impact The tendency to over-estimate Historically, the economic impacts of sporting events have been overestimated by host countries (Leeds and Von Allmen, 2008; Horrow and Swatek, 2011). For example, the economic impact of the 2002 World Cup fell significantly short of the estimated $31 billion (Leeds and Von Allmen, 2008). While GDP and consumption was affected during the 2011 Rugby World Cup, New Zealand reports that it did not contribute to the New Zealand economy, as measured in the BoP and national accounts (Statistics New Zealand, 2011). The Super Bowl XL publicised an economic impact of $300million on the back of sports tourism exceeding expectations, however figures later released by the Michigan Department of Treasury suggest the actual economic impact was negligible (Horrow and Swatek, 2011). It is thus highly possible that the economic impact for England has been similarly over-estimated. Economic Impact Intention As a general rule, economic impact reports measure total, as opposed to net, activity or income (Saayman and Saayman, 2012), and for this reason may appear overly positive compared to more balanced analyses, such as cost-benefit, where expenditure as well as income is considered. While economic impact is sometimes defined as net benefit (Crompton, 2006 in Saayman and Saayman, 2012), the more widely accepted definition is monetary payments as they move through a regional economy for the purpose of measuring the impact of an event as it relates to that economy (Tyrrrell and Johnston, 2006, p3). While omitting additional costs is technically correct, it can seem misleading in journal articles written for the general public, who may be unaware of these definitions. The article by Menary (2015), for example, presents an unrealistically optimistic view of the financial viability of the Rugby World Cup, as the public is only made aware of gains. Direct economic impacts, such as the $68 million in ticket revenue noted in the report by Arnold and Grice (2015) may return a far lower figure once additional costs such as administration have been taken into account. It is possible that GDP and output will increase by the stated amounts, however for a complete picture, more than the standard economic impact should be considered. Forecasting: Ticket Sales as Incremental Income It is possible that locals would attend the Rugby World Cup in place of tourists, were it not for the influx of football fans (Leeds and Von Allmen, 2008, p233) a possibility that nets out the impact of international spend on tickets to some degree, since the international income is replacing local income not adding to it. Further understanding local activity the propensity to travel and attend local events is therefore vital in understanding the true economic impact of international spending during the Rugby World Cup in 2015. As noted by Saayman and Saayman (2012, p232): in order to increase the economic benefit of the event, expanding both these markets might be worthwhile. Further, one way Arnold and Grice (2015, p8) forecast ticket revenue and consumer interest is by measuring the historic percentage of seats filled during World Cup Events. While these percentages have hovered around 95% for the past two events, it is not known how many of these tickets were paid for, g iven away, or scalped. In the 2000 Olympics, for example, questions were raised regarding the distribution of tickets to sponsors and hospitality companies, while in the 2012 Summer Olympics, London began distributing free tickets to fill stadiums during events (Freid et. al., 2013). Predicting public interest is not as simple as measuring seats filled, and it is possible that increased output as a result of tickets sales is overstated. Timeframe: Impact of one-off vs repetitive events A number of impact drivers for the 2015 Rugby World Cup are short-term, which may help explain why the estimated benefits, in particular the induced benefits and assumptions regarding the multiplier effect, may be overstated. While regular, local events use existing infrastructure, require lower levels of investment, and have ongoing effects (Higham in Ritchie and Adair, 2004, p135), it is possible that larger events experience more temporary economic impacts, as the related investment is for a unique, rather than an ongoing, event. In Japan, for example, Saitama currently spends nearly $4 million per year maintaining a stadium built to host the 2002 Rugby World Cup, despite the venue now only drawing around 20,000 spectators for local sporting events (Leeds and Von Allmen, 2008). In the U.S.A., an abundance of abandoned and crumbling sports places exist, many less than 20 years old (Horrow and Swatek, 2011, p3). As noted above under The Tendency to Overestimate, New Zealand exp erienced increased economic activity during the Rugby World Cup in 2011; however the long term impact was not as significant (Statistics New Zealand, 2011). When measuring the economic impact in England, Arnold and Grice (2015, p11) refer to an induced economic impact of further investment on the back of a lasting legacy for the sport. In addition, infrastructure investment is listed as the second most influential direct economic impact. However, given the results in New Zealand, the U.S.A., Japan and Korea, and the nature of large, relatively infrequent sporting events, it is possible these benefits have been overstated, particularly in the long term. Conclusion In conclusion, it is likely the economic impact of the 2015 Rugby World Cup, as outlined by Arnold and Grice (2015), is a good overview. Increased economic activity leads to direct impacts including increased output and GDP driven by higher foreign and corporate investment, such as sports tourism and corporate branding respectively. Indirect impacts include high intermediary activity, including increases in the hospitality industry and spend on food and beverages, while induced benefits are as far reaching as social support driven by higher consumer income and the multiplier effect. While these impacts are positive, it is believed the magnitude of the results have been exaggerated, due to limitations including the tendency of host countries to overestimate the impact of sporting events, and the temporary effects of short-term events even those as large as the Rugby World Cup. Further, due to the scope of an economic impact statement, many costs have gone unmentioned, creating a disproportionate impression of gains and optimism. References Aubin, D., 2012, Ernsts revenues rise 6.7 percent on advisory growth, Reuters, Available through https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/01/us-ernst-revenues-idUSBRE8901GS20121001 Bergson, Z. 2015, Sports and Money: Economic Impact of the Rugby World Cup, National Centre for Business Journalism, Sept 14 2015, Available through https://businessjournalism.org/2015/09/sports-and-money-economic-impact-of-the-rugby-world-cup Arnold, P. and Grice, M., 2015, The Economic Impact of the Rugby World Cup 2015, Ernst Young, Available through https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-rugby-world-cup-final-report/$FILE/EY-rugby-world-cup-final-report.pdf Freid, G., DeSchriver, T. and Mondello, M., 2013, Sports Finance, 3rd Ed., U.S.A.: Human Kinetics Harrow. R, and Swatek, K., 2011, Beyond the Scoreboard, U.S.A.: Human Kinetics Gibbons, T., 2014, English National Identity and Football Fan Culture, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Leeds, M. and Von Allmen, P., 2008, The Econo mics of Sports, 3rd ed., Boston: Pearson McConnell, C, Brue, S, Flynn, S. and Barbiero, T., 2010, Macroeconomics, 12th ed., Canada: McGraw Hill Ryerson Menary, S. 2015, Rugby to prove lucrative game as World Cup kicks off, The National: Business, Sept 17 2015, Available through https://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/rugby-to-prove-lucrative-game-as-world-cup-kicks-off Outspan Group Inc, The., 2009, The Economic Impacts of Cultural and Sport Tourism in Canada 2007, Amherst Island: The Outspan Group Inc. Ritchie, B. and Adair D. (eds)., 2004, Sport Tourism: Interrelationships, Impacts and Issues, U.K.: Channel View Publications Saayman, M. and Saayman, A., 2012, The Economic Impact of the Comrades Marathon, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, Vol3 (3), 05 Oct 2012, pp220-235 Statistics New Zealand, 2011, Impact of the Rugby World Cup in New Zealands macro-economic statistics, Statistics New Zealand, Available through https://www.stats.govt.nz /browse_for_stats/economic_indicators/NationalAccounts/impact-of-rugby-world-cup.aspx Thanapathy, S. 2015, Off the Pitch: The winners and losers of the Rugby World cup, Australian Times: Sport, 25 Sept 2015, Available through https://www.australiantimes.co.uk/off-the-pitch-the-winners-and-losers-of-the-rugby-world-cup Tyrrell, J. and Johnston, R., 2006, The Economic Impact of Tourism, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 45, Aug 1 2006, Available through Deep Dyve at https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/sage/the-economic-impacts-of-tourism-a-special-issue-RCkCF7L8ja?articleList=%2F Wilson, B. 2015, Rugby World Cup a global game changer, says RFUs Ritchie, BBC News: Business, 24 Sept 2015, Available through https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34130763

Monday, May 18, 2020

The Effects of a Lack of Sleep - 734 Words

Insomnia; is also known as a deficiency of sleep or sleep deprivation. People with this condition are apt to suffer from inadequate sleep and more likely to battle depression, have poor concentration, and be involved in an auto accident; from a lack of focus. These issues followed by prolonged periods of time; can cause a person some sort of health issues, whether mental or physical.(Harvard Medical School) Sleep deprivation alters the production and action of some hormones, dampening the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone and increasing blood levels, this shows mostly during the afternoon and evening hours. Higher cortisol levels are distinctive to much older subjects and are thought to be linked to age-related health problems, such as insulin resistance and memory complications. (University of Chicago) Associated things that cause insomnia that are common is stress, environmental changes, caffeine, cold medicine, steroids, and antidepressants. Some people deal with insomnia for only a few nights like jet lag, but if the problem persists it can progress into chronic insomnia, which is another common symptom of psychiatric disorders, such as; anxiety and depression. If sleep is interrupted then a balance of hormones can take place. As an example; poor sleep is the beginning to an increase in the production of cortisol, which is a stress hormone. This hormone affects the heart and too much of it causes hypertension or it can zap a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s energy and bring them intoShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of a Lack of Sleep Essay1334 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesEffects of a lack of sleep, known as insomnia, is the most common classification of sleep disorders. It was estimated that thirty to forty million Americans have difficulty staying asleep, falling asleep or waking earlier than they would like to, and cannot get back to sleep. Most people settle that this is just a part of life, and the poor quality of sleep proceeds to eat away at the quality of life that could be attained. This seems to be a silent menace that people do not seem to take seriouslyRead MoreThe Effects Of Lack Of Sleep Deprivation On Children1315 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesmorning. Do teens know how many problems can come with the lack of sleep? with sleep deprivation comes many long term effects on people s mental and physical health.lacking sleep is a cause of depression, obesity ,and makes it hard to function in school. School shouldnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t start as early as it does.because, it s unhealthy and lowers academic scores. Lack of sleep puts teens at risk for mental and physical issues.Less amounts of sleep put teens at a higher risk for depression,obesity,and motor-Read MoreThe Effects Of Lack Of Sleep On Physical Health1361 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pages The Effects of Lack of Sleep on Physical Health People think that when they have to finish something they can just stay up late to complete it and lose precious sleep time. In reality, that should not be the case. Millions of people around the world suffer from sleep deprivation. (Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why SleepÃ¢â‚¬ ). Many people look at sleep as a luxury. Some people think that they can skip sleep and depend on coffee. The truth is the human body needs sleep. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sleep is essential for a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s health and wellbeingÃ¢â‚¬ Read MoreThe Effects Of Lack Of Sleep On Adolescents And Children2290 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 10 Pages Due to reports of the consequences of lack of sleep in adolescents and children (i.e. Alfano et al., 2007; Gregory et al., 2005; Link Ancoli-Israel, 1995; Meijer et al., 2000; Wolfson Carskadon, 1998), the current study aimed to establish whether variations in sleep significantly affected the well-being and academic attainment of university students. It was hypothesised that those students with insufficient sleep would experience negative effects to their well-being and achieve poorer gradesRead MoreEffects of Lack of Sleep to Students of Philippine State College5455 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 22 PagesÃ¢â‚¬Å"Effects of Lack Sleep to the Students of Philippine State College of AeronauticsÃ¢â‚¬ Name (Optional):_____________________ Age: __________ Gender: __M __F Civil Status: ____________ Check for the desired answer. | Yes | No | 1. Do you usually sleep late? | | | 2. Do you find it hard to sleep early? | | | 3. Do you feel lazy if you experience lack of sleep? | | | 4. Do you feel short tempered when you experience lack of sleep? | | | 5. Does your lack of sleep affect your study? | |Read MoreWhat Is the Effect of Lack of Sleep on College Students on Brain and Behavior?1868 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 PagesRunning head: WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF LACK OF SLEEP ON A COLLEGE STUDENTS BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR Gilbert and Weaver (2010) examined the sleep quality with academic performance with university students, whether it is complete sleep deprivation or poor sleep quality. This study was to determine if lack of sleep or having poor sleep value in non-demoralized college students were related to the low academic routine. The authorÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s expectations were to find the relationship between the studentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s environmentRead MoreCause And Effect Of Sleep Deprivation984 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesand Effect Lack of sleep has been known to make a person grumpy and foggy, but those are not the only things resulted for sleep deprivation. The effects of not getting more than seven or more hours of sleep can also impact a person s memory, sex life, looks, health, and even weight. Staying up all night may seem like a good idea, however, a person might want to realize the true consequences of staying up late and reconsider depriving themselves of their sleep. Accidents are a huge effect of lackRead MoreInformative Speech On Sleep1328 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesTitle of Speech: The Importance of Sleep and the Effects It Can Have on Our Bodies Specific Purpose: My audience will understand the importance of sleep, the effects a lack of sleep can have on a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s body, and ways to improve the quality of sleep. Thesis: Sleep plays an essential part in a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s health and well-being; the way we feel while awake is dependent upon what happens to your body while asleep. Attention Getter: Are you in debt? I know what probably came to your mind: loans, creditRead MoreEssay On Sleep Deprivation801 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesAround the world sleep deprivation could be detrimental to people lives and health. Without sleep Im a angry person I get real snappy and grumpy. I would like to know more about the effects of the lack of sleep that effects peopleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s lives. I know that without sleep you canÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t function properly. Why do people choose to push themselves to the limit when they are tired? Who do sleep issues mainly effect? These are some of the questions that I have pertaining to sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation isRead MoreThe Theory of the Function of Sleep Essay1147 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesThe Theory of the Function of Sleep One theory of sleep is the Restoration theory proposed by Oswald et al in 1966, which suggests that the function of sleep, especially REM sleep is to restore the energy levels and to repair the brain and body. Restoration can be physical and psychological. Physical restoration indicates that sleep is necessary to restore biological processes in the body through REM sleep and Stage 4/NREM sleep. NREM sleep is when the bodys processes

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

The Great Depression - 1731 Words

The 1920Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s was a decade of discovery for America. As mentioned in Ã¢â‚¬Å"who was roaring in the twenties? Ã¢â‚¬â€Origins of the great depression,Ã¢â‚¬ by Robert S. McElvaine America suffered with the great depression due to several factors but it managed to stay prosperous at the end. In Ã¢â‚¬Å"America society and culture in the 1920Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s,Ã¢â‚¬ by David A. Shannon there was much more to the great depression. It was a time of prosperity an economic change. Women and men were discovering who they were and their value to society in Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Revolution in Morals,Ã¢â‚¬ by Gilman M. Ostrander. Even if Racism still existed as mentioned in Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Tribal Twenties,Ã¢â‚¬ by John Higham, the 1920Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s still was time of change that affects people today. McElvaine describes misdistribution as the main leading cause of the great depression however; he also states that other factors could have contributed to the overall outcome leading to the Great Depression. He believed that the great depression began along side with the World War and it transformed the United States from being a nation in debt to a creditor nation. As the great depression began, weakness of the international economy and contradictory American economic policy was to blame. As the wheels of wealth started rolling, internal problems troubled the American depression more so than foreign problems did. Another aspect that leads to the great depression as mentioned in the article is the problems with American farmers having overproduction of agricultural commoditiesShow MoreRelatedThe Depression Of The Great Depression1223 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesfar-reaching consequences as the Great Depression. This experience was the most extended and severe depression of the Western wo rld. It was an economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. A large amount of AmericaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s labor force lost their jobs and suffered during this crisis. During the nationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s financial disaster, Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president and made extensive changes to AmericaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s political structure. The effects of the Great Depression had lasting consequences that areRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression1232 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagespeople think that the stock crash was to blame for the Great Depression but that is not correct. Both the crash and depression were the result of problems with the economy that were still underneath society s minds. The depression affected people in a series of ways: poverty is spreading causing farm distress, unemployment, health, family stresses and unfortunately, discrimination increases. America tended to blame Hoover for the depression and all the problems. When the 1932 election came peopleRead MoreThe Great Depre ssion Essay1390 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesIntroduction: The world had faced two main economic problems. The first one was the Great Depression in the early of 20th Century. The second was the recent international financial crisis in 2008. The United States and Europe suffered severely for a long time from the great depression. The great depression was a great step and changed completely the economic policy making and the economic thoughts. It was not only an economic situation bit it was also miserable making, made people more attentionRead MoreThe Great Depression1292 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesBefore the crash Before the start of the great depression the United States was a country of great economic wealth, with new technology being invented and a boom in industry. Due to a boom in AmericaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Industry because of World War One the economy was at an all-time high with a tremendous amount of prosperity. Following the end of world war one the industrial might that America had was being used for peaceful, domestic purposes instead of being used for violence and war. New technologies like carsRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression2071 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 9 PagesPaul Von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler Chancellor on the 30th January 1933. The Depression did play a vital role in this, however other factors such as the Nazis propaganda, the resentment of the Weimar republic and the political situation of 1932-1933 also contributed to his success. Before the Great Depression, the Nazis gained 12 seats and 2.6% of the vote in the May election of 1928. Despite this, by July 1932, Hitler gained 230 seats and 37.3% of the vote in the Reichstag. This is a dramaticRead MoreThe Great Depression1551 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesThe Great Depression was one of the most devastating events recorded in history. The nation as a whole plummeted in one economic downfall. Few individuals escaped the effects of the depression. The hardship of unemployment and the loss of homes and farms were a large portion of the pain caused by the economic crisis. Through all of these sufferings, women had a large impact on society. Women faced heavy discrimination and social criticism during the Depression Even though through research it is provenRead MoreThe Great Depression1186 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesfriends is the true definition of of what the Great Depression really was. It was a time that most people want to never remember or ever happen again. You would thin k the United States would have learned from their mistakes but it seems we are going down the same road once again without even taking a step back and realizing it. When people talk about the Great Depression not a single person will have anything good to say about it. It caused families a great deal of pain that they will never forget. WithRead MoreThe Great Depression1368 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesAfter WW1 the Great Depression had a very late impact on the major film companies in France, when it did, it unfortunately caused several film studios to go bankrupt, then in the late 1920Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s to 1930Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s many small film companies and groups emerged giving birth to the tendency called poetic realism. Because the large companies who made films with a focus on making money were gone the filmmakers and artists were able to concern themselves with the art of film, they often took poetic innovations thatRead MoreThe Great Depression1133 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesÃ¢â‚¬Å"The only thing we hav e to fear is fear itself,Ã¢â‚¬ is a famous quote once said during the Great Depression by Franklin D. Roosevelt. After one world war, great financial fallout, and another world war to follow, the twentieth century was already shaping out to be a handful. When the Great Depression was coming to an end and the economy was trying to turn around, jobs started opening up and a new wave of immigrants came into New York, the Puerto Ricans. For some the American dream was to come toRead MoreThe Great Depression1698 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pages The 1930s was one of the most challenging times in US history, where the Great Depression caused millions of Americans to suffer through hardships because of the economy. Many people were out of work and unemployed, and the government at the time, believed that the best option was to stay out of its affairs, leaving the struggling people hung out to dry. It was not until Franklin Roosevelt was elected president, that the state of the country began to c hange. And that was due to the creation of the

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Ghosts of the Bomb The Tragedy of the Hibakusha - 994 Words

The radiation that infected the air of Hiroshima and Nagasaki following the first and second nuclear attacks lends a physical manifestation to the idea that Japan was literally haunted by the ghost of the atomic bomb. It is important to acknowledge that the atomic bombs left behind permanent signs of impact that surpassed physical damage; lost in the calculations of casualties and blast radius was the psychological effect experienced by the victims of this unparalleled disaster. A dichotomy of sorts, the bomb appeared in a flash, incomprehensible, alien, and unknown, and left an emotional scar that manifested itself as the concept of the Hibakusha, which is directly translated as Ã¢â‚¬Å"explosion-affected people.Ã¢â‚¬ Through individual examplesÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Hara describes this transformation as Ã¢â‚¬Å"time [that has] been constantly eyeing me and my fellow victims from a distance, awaiting its chance to drive us mad,Ã¢â‚¬ and it is clear that for the Hibakus ha, the struggle to avoid this inevitable descent has already begun . While the two other pieces assigned for this class both touched upon certain elements of the attacks that Hara does not discuss, as a fourth-generation New Yorker who experienced the events of September 11th first hand, I was particularly struck with his portrayal of the ways in which the survivors of widespread disasters are often victims themselves. Much of the language used in the piece recalls New York City in the wake of the attacks: constant physical and emotional reminders of death, silent acknowledgment of shared suffering, and a larger desire to rationalize such irrational tragedy. In this course, we have examined many instances of the physical victims of the attacks, yet it is equally as important to consider the hibakusha, the survivors of the attacks whose lives metaphorically ended (or at least fundamentally changed)on that day as well. The tragedy and destruction of the attacks does not exist only in death tolls and collateral damage; it exists in the lives of those who were lucky enough to survive but not lucky enough to be

Two factors which affected the Stuart economy of 1600-1660 Free Essays

The Stuart economy is always difficult to analyse. Unfortunately due to incomplete records we only have a rough idea of the economic growth that England underwent during this era. For example we do not have fully accurate records that state the exact population size at the time. We will write a custom essay sample on Two factors which affected the Stuart economy of 1600-1660 or any similar topic only for you Order Now We also therefore do not have accurate records on the economy either but from parish records and events during this period it is still possible to make informed conclusions on what the economy was like, and the factors that stimulated it. The first thing that is important to study when discussing the economy is the population size. According to records found in parishes at the time population was generally on the increase and rose from 4 to 5 million between 1600 and 1660. However although the population did rise considerably it was certainly not a steady increase and went through phases of decline as well as increase. Surprisingly, according to information now available, some yearÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s burial rates were actually higher than baptism rates, suggesting a population decline. However due to the fact that these records are sometimes incomplete it is not possible to give completely accurate figures about the changes in population during this era. Some historians argue that these changes in population growth point to the fact that the Stuart economy was vastly agrarian. This theory is widely accepted as being true, it successfully answers the reason for very drastic changes in the population size in some areas as agrarian economy can be easily dislocated by bad winters and poor harvests. Also the records of bad harvests coincide with drops in population during this period, suggesting that the economy of the Stuart era was finding it very difficult to keep up with demand. In order to combat this rise in demand, farmers would need to innovate and experiment with new crops in order to compete. Some historians argue that this period due to the population increase led to a Ã¢â‚¬Ëœfarming revolutionÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ as there is evidence that many villages adopted the concept of enclosure in order to become more productive. This commercialisation of farming is thought by many to be more popular than the previously adopted method of subsistence farming. (Growing enough to feed you and your immediate family. ) This technique of enclosure meant farmers were able to be more productive and meet higher demands and is generally accepted as a more efficient system than subsistence farming. This enclosure method of once community owned fields is thought to be the start of early capitalism in England, the commercialisation of the fields is therefore thought to be brought about by the pressures of a population on the increase. But were farmers of this period willing to innovate, experiment and try new techniques? Evidence found in the diary of an ordinary farmer of the period is a strong argument that farmers were willing to trial new crops. Robert Loder left a diary concerning his farming and the changes he made to his techniques and crops. It is possible to assume that this ordinary farmer was one of many who experimented in order to boost their production. However it is still possible to argue that there was a strong amount of conservative farmers who did not adopt these new techniques but there is no evidence to suggest this. Some historians also use examples such as the adoption of tobacco crops in England as a key piece of evidence for how adventuress and innovative farmers could be once convinced of the potential of the new farming enterprise. Despite the evidence presented for innovation and experimentation there is strong evidence that suggests that farmers struggled to keep up with demand. Sources found for some areas of England suggest that there were huge rises in prices during this period due to inflation. This evidence is known as the Phelps Brown price index. Although this is one of the most commonly used sources, due to lack of information it only covers certain areas of England, mainly the south meaning that it is hard to generalise these price rises across England however it is the best information available. This rise in prices is evidence suggesting that the farmers of the Stuart economy had great difficulty despite all their innovation and experimentation to keep up with demand. However some historians still disagree. So the key question still unanswered is whether the farmers were able to keep up with constantly growing demand. Obviously it is highlighted by bad harvests how susceptible the agrarian economy was to very cold long winters and the obvious problems this could create. However equally it can be argued that through innovation and experimentation farmers managed to meet demand, however evidence of heavy inflation during the Stuart period leads many historians to the conclusion that resources were scarce and that the economy due to reliance on uncontrollable variables such as weather was not able to keep up with demand. However on the other hand it is argued by some that the farmers willingness to implement new techniques and methods of farming lead to increased productivity and was able to keep up with increased demand. However due to lack of concrete evidence this issue is still in many historiansÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ opinions open to interpretation. Another key factor in the development of the Stuart economy was industry. Although industry only made up for around 10% of the economy it is still an important area to analyse to have a full understanding of the economic changes to took place in the Seventeenth century. Firstly it is commonly thought that the English industrial techniques were inferior to those of Europe. Most goods were thought to have been produced at home and sold locally. This technique of production suggests an undeveloped industry in England, however these limitations in manufacturing were overcome via exportation to the advanced Europe. The main industry in England at this time was textiles, located in East Anglia. In this period unfinished woollen cloth would be produced and then exported to other countries in order to create a finished product, such as the Netherlands who were thought to be the leading industrial nation of the times. The reason for exporting was purely because England lacked the techniques and resources to manufacture such products. As farming was the leading source of income in England it is thought that many industrial workers were involved in agriculture as well as the manufacturing of textiles. Although many combined farming with manufacturing and production some did seek industry as full-time employment usually through the Ã¢â‚¬Ëœputting-out systemÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. Besides textiles England also produced coal, mainly mined in the north-east of England. As London grew in population the North East was able to produce more and more coal to meet demands, although limitations in technology prevented mining below the surface. However transporting vast quantities of coal is thought by many historians to have been a problem. Roads in this period were thought to be in quite a bad state, and therefore much of the coal mined was transported by sea. This transportation via sea is important. In order to transport such great amounts of coal England you would need a merchant fleet and Royal Navy to provide protection. Despite these measures the fleets that travelled between the North-East and London still suffered attacks during the wars England had with the Dutch. This is evident when we look at the prices of coal and see that prices doubled during this period suggesting heavy losses from attack. In conclusion it is probably right to suggest that industry looked for short-term solutions to meet the demands it faced, although no new techniques or technological advances are evident, this period did see the development of external trade, a key feature of the Stuart economy with the development of overseas colonies. However it can be argued that changes in agriculture and innovation were more significant, however it is still somewhat important to understand that the Stuart economy did not just rely on agriculture alone. 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